<style type="text/css"> .no-show { display: none; } .disable-fade-in{ opacity: 1 !important; transform: none !important; visibility: visible !important; } </style>

Photos of Ghana

Two satellite images encompassing most of Ghana reveal extensive flooding. The view on the left taken on 12 September 2007 shows river systems throughout the length and breadth of the small country swollen compared to conditions in June (right) before the rainy season started. The most flooded rivers are the White Volta and its tributaries. The Oti River, which flows into Lake Volta from the northeast, is also running high. In both images clouds blanket parts of the scene. The clouds are pale blue and white in these false-color images that combine both visible and infrared light. Water is black and dark blue, and plant-covered land is green. Bare earth or lightly vegetated land is tan. Photos courtesy of NASA.

Introduction

Background

Ghana is a multiethnic country rich in natural resources and is one of the most stable and democratic countries in West Africa. Ghana has been inhabited for at least several thousand years, but little is known about its early inhabitants. By the 12th century, the gold trade started to boom in Bono (Bonoman) state in what is today southern Ghana, and it became the genesis of the Akan people's power and wealth in the region. Beginning in the 15th century, the Portuguese, followed by other European powers, arrived and competed for trading rights. Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged in the area, among the most powerful were the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north and the Asante (Ashanti) Empire in the south. By the mid-18th century, Asante was a highly organized state with immense wealth; it provided enslaved people for the Atlantic slave trade, and in return received firearms that facilitated its territorial expansion. The Asante resisted increasing British influence in the coastal areas, engaging in a series of wars during the 19th century before ultimately falling under British control. Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first Sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence, with Kwame NKRUMAH as its first leader.

Ghana endured a series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996 but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR of the opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP) succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS of the National Democratic Congress won the 2008 presidential election and took over as head of state. MILLS died in 2012 and was constitutionally succeeded by his vice president, John Dramani MAHAMA, who subsequently won the 2012 presidential election. In 2016, Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO of the NPP defeated MAHAMA, marking the third time that Ghana’s presidency had changed parties since the return to democracy. AKUFO-ADDO was reelected in 2020. In recent years, Ghana has taken an active role in promoting regional stability and is highly integrated in international affairs.

World Factbook Glyph

Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Geography

Location

Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo

Area

total : 238,533 sq km

land: 227,533 sq km

water: 11,000 sq km

comparison ranking: total 82

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries

total: 2,420 km

border countries (3): Burkina Faso 602 km; Cote d'Ivoire 720 km; Togo 1098 km

Coastline

539 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate

tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Terrain

mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

Elevation

highest point: Mount Afadjato 885 m

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

mean elevation: 190 m

Natural resources

gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone

Land use

agricultural land: 69.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 20.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 11.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 36.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 21.2% (2018 est.)

other: 9.7% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land

360 sq km (2013)

Major rivers (by length in km)

Volta river mouth (shared with Burkina Faso [s]) - 1,600 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)

Population distribution

population is concentrated in the southern half of the country, with the highest concentrations being on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map

Natural hazards

dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March; droughts

Geography - note

Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake (manmade reservoir) by surface area (8,482 sq km; 3,275 sq mi); the lake was created following the completion of the Akosombo Dam in 1965, which holds back the White Volta and Black Volta Rivers

People and Society

Population

total: 34,589,092

male: 16,902,073

female: 17,687,019 (2024 est.)

comparison rankings: female 43; male 45; total 44

Nationality

noun: Ghanaian(s)

adjective: Ghanaian

Ethnic groups

Akan 45.7%, Mole-Dagbani 18.5%, Ewe 12.8%, Ga-Dangme 7.1%, Gurma 6.4%, Guan 3.2%, Grusi 2.7%, Mande 2%, other 1.6% (2021 est.)

Languages

Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Boron (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Kokomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, other 31.2% (2010 est.)

note: English is the official language

Religions

Christian 71.3% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 31.6%, Protestant 17.4%, Catholic 10%, other 12.3%), Muslim 19.9%, traditionalist 3.2%, other 4.5%, none 1.1% (2021 est.)

Demographic profile

Ghana has a young age structure, with approximately 56% of the population under the age of 25 as of 2020. Its total fertility rate fell significantly during the 1980s and 1990s but has stalled at around four children per woman for the last few years. Fertility remains higher in the northern region than the Greater Accra region. On average, desired fertility has remained stable for several years; urban dwellers want fewer children than rural residents. Increased life expectancy, due to better health care, nutrition, and hygiene, and reduced fertility have increased Ghana’s share of elderly persons; Ghana’s proportion of persons aged 60+ is among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Poverty has declined in Ghana, but it remains pervasive in the northern region, which is susceptible to droughts and floods and has less access to transportation infrastructure, markets, fertile farming land, and industrial centers. The northern region also has lower school enrollment, higher illiteracy, and fewer opportunities for women.

Ghana was a country of immigration in the early years after its 1957 independence, attracting labor migrants largely from Nigeria and other neighboring countries to mine minerals and harvest cocoa – immigrants composed about 12% of Ghana’s population in 1960. In the late 1960s, worsening economic and social conditions discouraged immigration, and hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mostly Nigerians, were expelled.

During the 1970s, severe drought and an economic downturn transformed Ghana into a country of emigration; neighboring Cote d’Ivoire was the initial destination. Later, hundreds of thousands of Ghanaians migrated to Nigeria to work in its booming oil industry, but most were deported in 1983 and 1985 as oil prices plummeted. Many Ghanaians then turned to more distant destinations, including other parts of Africa, Europe, and North America, but the majority continued to migrate within West Africa. Since the 1990s, increased emigration of skilled Ghanaians, especially to the US and the UK, drained the country of its health care and education professionals. Internally, poverty and other developmental disparities continue to drive Ghanaians from the north to the south, particularly to its urban centers.

Age structure

0-14 years: 37.4% (male 6,527,386/female 6,400,245)

15-64 years: 58.2% (male 9,690,498/female 10,444,197)

65 years and over: 4.4% (2024 est.) (male 684,189/female 842,577)

2023 population pyramid:
2023 population pyramid

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 68.7

youth dependency ratio: 62.9

elderly dependency ratio: 5.9

potential support ratio: 17 (2021 est.)

Median age

total: 21.4 years (2024 est.)

male: 20.6 years

female: 22.3 years

comparison ranking: total 191

Population growth rate

2.15% (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 35

Birth rate

27.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 33

Death rate

5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 162

Net migration rate

-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 107

Population distribution

population is concentrated in the southern half of the country, with the highest concentrations being on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map

Urbanization

urban population: 59.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030File Icon

Major urban areas - population

3.768 million Kumasi, 2.660 million ACCRA (capital), 1.078 million Sekondi Takoradi (2023)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.1 years (2022 est.)

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio

263 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: 34

Infant mortality rate

total: 31.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 34.5 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 27.8 deaths/1,000 live births

comparison ranking: total 46

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 70.1 years (2024 est.)

male: 68.4 years

female: 71.8 years

comparison ranking: total population 180

Total fertility rate

3.56 children born/woman (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 32

Gross reproduction rate

1.75 (2024 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 98.7% of population

rural: 83.8% of population

total: 92.4% of population

unimproved: urban: 1.3% of population

rural: 16.2% of population

total: 7.6% of population (2020 est.)

Physician density

0.17 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density

0.9 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 84.8% of population

rural: 52.8% of population

total: 71.1% of population

unimproved: urban: 15.2% of population

rural: 47.2% of population

total: 28.9% of population (2020 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2023)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and sexually transmitted diseases: hepatitis B (2024)

water contact diseases: schistosomiasis

animal contact diseases: rabies

respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis

note: on 31 August 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Ghana is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

10.9% (2016)

comparison ranking: 136

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 1.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 0.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 0.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 0.39 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.61 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: total 137

Tobacco use

total: 3.5% (2020 est.)

male: 6.6% (2020 est.)

female: 0.3% (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: total 164

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

12.6% (2017/18)

comparison ranking: 41

Child marriage

women married by age 15: 5%

women married by age 18: 19.3%

men married by age 18: 3.9% (2018 est.)

Education expenditures

3.9% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 121

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 79%

male: 83.5%

female: 74.5% (2018)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 12 years

male: 12 years

female: 12 years (2020)

Environment

Environment - current issues

recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threaten wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Climate

tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Land use

agricultural land: 69.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 20.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 11.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 36.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 21.2% (2018 est.)

other: 9.7% (2018 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 59.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030File Icon

Revenue from forest resources

3.51% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 21

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 139

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 46.04 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 16.67 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 22.75 megatons (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 3,538,275 tons (2005 est.)

Major rivers (by length in km)

Volta river mouth (shared with Burkina Faso [s]) - 1,600 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 300 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 1.07 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources

56.2 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Ghana

conventional short form: Ghana

former: Gold Coast

etymology: named for the medieval West African kingdom of the same name but whose location was actually further north than the modern country

Government type

presidential republic

Capital

name: Accra

geographic coordinates: 5 33 N, 0 13 W

time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the name derives from the Akan word "nkran" meaning "ants," and refers to the numerous anthills in the area around the capital

Administrative divisions

16 regions; Ahafo, Ashanti, Bono, Bono East, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, North East, Northern, Oti, Savannah, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western, Western North

Independence

6 March 1957 (from the UK)

National holiday

Independence Day, 6 March (1957)

Legal system

mixed system of English common law and customary law

Constitution

history: several previous; latest drafted 31 March 1992, approved and promulgated 28 April 1992, entered into force 7 January 1993

amendments: proposed by Parliament; consideration requires prior referral to the Council of State, a body of prominent citizens who advise the president of the republic; passage of amendments to "entrenched" constitutional articles (including those on national sovereignty, fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and authorities of the branches of government, and amendment procedures) requires approval in a referendum by at least 40% participation of eligible voters and at least 75% of votes cast, followed by at least two-thirds majority vote in Parliament, and assent of the president; amendments to non-entrenched articles do not require referenda; amended 1996

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Ghana

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017)

head of government: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017)

cabinet: Council of Ministers; nominated by the president, approved by Parliament

elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 December 2020 (next to be held on 7 December 2024); the president is both chief of state and head of government

election results:
2020:
Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (NPP) 51.3%, John Dramani MAHAMA (NDC) 47.4%, other 1.3%

2016: Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (NPP) 53.7%, John Dramani MAHAMA (NDC) 44.5%, other 1.8%  (2020)

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Parliament (275 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)

elections: last held on 7 December 2020 (next to be held in December 2024)

election results: percent of vote by party - NPP 50.4%, NDC 46.2%, independent 2.3%, other 1.1%; seats by party- NPP 137, NDC 137, independent 1; composition- men 235, women 40, percentage women 14.6%

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 13 justices)

judge selection and term of office: chief justice appointed by the president in consultation with the Council of State (a small advisory body of prominent citizens) and with the approval of Parliament; other justices appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Council (an 18-member independent body of judicial, military and police officials, and presidential nominees) and on the advice of the Council of State; justices can retire at age 60, with compulsory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; High Court; Circuit Court; District Court; regional tribunals

Political parties

All Peoples Congress or APC 
Convention People's Party or CPP 
Ghana Freedom Party or GFP 
Ghana Union Movement or GUM 
Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP 
Liberal Party of Ghana or LPG 
National Democratic Congress or NDC 
National Democratic Party or NDP 
New Patriotic Party or NPP 
People's National Convention or PNC 
Progressive People's Party or PPP 
United Front Party or UFP 
United Progressive Party or UPP 

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, ATMIS, AU, C, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Alima MAHAMA (since 7 July 2021)

chancery: 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 686-4520

FAX: [1] (202) 686-4527

email address and website:
[email protected]

https://ghanaembassydc.org/

consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Virginia E. PALMER (since 16 June 2022)

embassy: No. 24, Fourth Circular Road, Cantonments, Accra, P.O. Box 2288, Accra

mailing address: 2020 Accra Place, Washington DC  20521-2020

telephone: [233] (0) 30-274-1000

email address and website:
[email protected]

https://gh.usembassy.gov/

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band

National symbol(s)

black star, golden eagle; national colors: red, yellow, green, black

National anthem

name: "God Bless Our Homeland Ghana"

lyrics/music: unknown/Philip GBEHO

note: music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 2 (both cultural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions; Asante Traditional Buildings

Economy

Economic overview

West African lower-middle income economy; major gold, oil and cocoa exporter; macroeconomic challenges following nearly four decades of sustained growth; recent progress in debt restructuring, fiscal reforms, financial stability, and curbing runaway inflation under 2023-26 IMF credit facility program

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$229.639 billion (2023 est.)
$223.07 billion (2022 est.)
$214.867 billion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

comparison ranking: 71

Real GDP growth rate

2.94% (2023 est.)
3.82% (2022 est.)
5.08% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

comparison ranking: 111

Real GDP per capita

$6,700 (2023 est.)
$6,700 (2022 est.)
$6,500 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

comparison ranking: 161

GDP (official exchange rate)

$76.37 billion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

38.11% (2023 est.)
31.26% (2022 est.)
9.97% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

comparison ranking: 211

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: B (2013)

Moody's rating: B3 (2015)

Standard & Poors rating: B- (2020)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 18.3% (2017 est.)

industry: 24.5% (2017 est.)

services: 57.2% (2017 est.)

comparison rankings: services 141; industry 112; agriculture 52

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 80.1% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 8.6% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 13.7% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.1% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 43% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -46.5% (2017 est.)

Agricultural products

cassava, yams, plantains, maize, oil palm fruit, taro, rice, cocoa beans, oranges, pineapples (2022)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building, petroleum

Industrial production growth rate

-1.22% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

comparison ranking: 170

Labor force

14.887 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

comparison ranking: 43

Unemployment rate

3.08% (2023 est.)
3.08% (2022 est.)
3.34% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

comparison ranking: 51

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 5.5% (2023 est.)

male: 5.6% (2023 est.)

female: 5.4% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

comparison ranking: total 175

Population below poverty line

23.4% (2016 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

43.5 (2016 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

comparison ranking: 29

Average household expenditures

on food: 39.2% of household expenditures (2021 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 0.5% of household expenditures (2021 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 1.6% (2016 est.)

highest 10%: 32.2% (2016 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances

6.41% of GDP (2023 est.)
6.24% of GDP (2022 est.)
5.24% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget

revenues: $9.492 billion (2018 est.)

expenditures: $14.062 billion (2018 est.)

Public debt

71.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

comparison ranking: 51

Taxes and other revenues

12.3% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

comparison ranking: 160

Current account balance

-$1.517 billion (2022 est.)
-$2.541 billion (2021 est.)
-$2.134 billion (2020 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

comparison ranking: 151

Exports

$25.744 billion (2022 est.)
$23.901 billion (2021 est.)
$22.077 billion (2020 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

comparison ranking: 84

Exports - partners

UAE 24%, Switzerland 17%, US 14%, India 10%, China 10% (2022)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities

gold, crude petroleum, cocoa beans, coconuts/Brazil nuts/cashews, cocoa paste (2022)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports

$26.329 billion (2022 est.)
$25.967 billion (2021 est.)
$24.545 billion (2020 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

comparison ranking: 84

Imports - partners

China 41%, Netherlands 7%, India 5%, US 5%, Cote d'Ivoire 4% (2022)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, plastic products, garments, coated flat-rolled iron, ships (2022)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$3.624 billion (2023 est.)
$5.205 billion (2022 est.)
$9.917 billion (2021 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

comparison ranking: 107

Debt - external

$20.467 billion (2019 est.)
$17.885 billion (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 93

Exchange rates

cedis (GHC) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
11.02 (2023 est.)
8.272 (2022 est.)
5.806 (2021 est.)
5.596 (2020 est.)
5.217 (2019 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 85.1% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas: 95%

electrification - rural areas: 71.6%

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 5.444 million kW (2022 est.)

consumption: 19.142 billion kWh (2022 est.)

exports: 1.787 billion kWh (2022 est.)

imports: 48.461 million kWh (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 1.619 billion kWh (2022 est.)

comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 116; imports 115; exports 58; consumption 74; installed generating capacity 85

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 66% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity: 33.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

biomass and waste: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal

consumption: 85,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

exports: 9 metric tons (2022 est.)

imports: 85,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 174,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 110,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 660 million barrels (2021 est.)

Natural gas

production: 3.192 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

consumption: 3.912 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

imports: 539.629 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

proven reserves: 22.653 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

22.882 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 172,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 15.035 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 7.675 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

comparison ranking: total emissions 81

Energy consumption per capita

11.416 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

comparison ranking: 147

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 330,000 (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2022 est.) less than 1

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 103

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 40.045 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2022 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 41

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: challenged by unreliable electricity and shortage of skilled labor, Ghana seeks to extend telecom services nationally; investment in fiber infrastructure and off-grid solutions provide data coverage to over 23 million people; launch of LTE has improved mobile data services, including m-commerce and banking; moderately competitive Internet market, most through mobile networks; international submarine cables, and terrestrial cables have improved Internet capacity; LTE services are widely available; the relatively high cost of 5G-compatible devices also inhibits most subscribers from migrating from 3G and LTE platforms (2022)

domestic: fixed-line data less than 1 per 100 subscriptions; mobile-cellular subscriptions 123 per 100 persons (2021)

international: country code - 233; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, MainOne, ACE, WACS and GLO-1 fiber-optic submarine cables that provide connectivity to South and West Africa, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors; GhanaSat-1 nanosatellite launched in 2017 (2017)

Broadcast media

state-owned TV station, 2 state-owned radio networks; several privately owned TV stations and a large number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable

Internet users

total: 22.44 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 68% (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: total 39

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 78,371 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.3 (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: total 132

Transportation

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 467,438 (2018)

Airports

11 (2024)

comparison ranking: 156

Heliports

7 (2024)

Pipelines

681.3 km gas, 11.4 km oil, 435 km refined products (2022)

Railways

total: 947 km (2022)

narrow gauge: 947 km (2022) 1.067-m gauge

comparison ranking: total 92

Roadways

total: 65,725 km

paved: 14,948 km

unpaved: 50,777 km (2021)

urban: 28,480 km 27% total paved 73% total unpaved

comparison ranking: total 74

Waterways

1,293 km (2011) (168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta)

comparison ranking: 60

Merchant marine

total: 52 (2023)

by type: general cargo 8, oil tanker 3, other 41

comparison ranking: total 119

Ports

total ports: 4 (2024)

large: 0

medium: 1

small: 1

very small: 2

ports with oil terminals: 3

key ports: Saltpond, Sekondi, Takoradi, Tema

Military and Security

Military and security forces

Ghana Armed Forces (GAF): Army, Navy, Air Force (2024)

note: the Ghana Police Service is under the Ministry of the Interior

Military expenditures

0.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2020 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: 162

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 16,000 active personnel (12,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is a mix older and some newer Russian, Chinese, and Western equipment; the government in recent years has committed to an increase in funding for equipment acquisitions, including armor, mechanized, and special forces capabilities for the Army, light attack aircraft for the Air Force, and more modern coastal patrol vessels for the Navy (2023)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription (2024)

note: as of 2024, women comprised approximately 15% of the military; Ghanaian women first began serving in the late 1950s

Military deployments

875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 725 (plus about 275 police) South Sudan (UNMISS); 670 Sudan (UNISFA) (2024)

note: since sending a contingent of troops to the Congo in 1960, the military has been a regular contributor to African- and UN-sponsored peacekeeping missions

Military - note

the military’s primary missions are border defense, assisting with internal security, peacekeeping, and protecting the country’s territorial waters, particularly its offshore oil and gas infrastructure; it has benefited from cooperation with foreign partners, such as the UK and the US, and experience gained from participation in multiple international peacekeeping missions
 
in 2022, Ghana began beefing up its military presence in the north of the country against threats from the terrorist organization Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida linked militant groups, which has conducted attacks in the neighboring countries of Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, and Togo; Ghana’s northern frontier with Burkina Faso is also an area with well-established smuggling routes, porous borders, and illegal gold mining

the military traces its origins to the Gold Coast Constabulary that was established in 1879 and renamed the Gold Coast Regiment in 1901; the Gold Coast Regiment was part of the West African Frontier Force, a multi-regiment unit formed by the British colonial office in 1900 to garrison Britain's West African colonies, which went on to serve in both World Wars; following Ghana's independence in 1957, the Gold Coast Regiment formed the basis for the new Ghanaian Army (2024)

Space

Space agency/agencies

Ghana Space Science and Technology Center (GSSTC; established 2011); note – the GSSTC is eventually slated to become the Ghana Space Agency (2024)

Space program overview

has a small, nascent space program focused on research in space sciences and exploiting remote sensing (RS) technology for natural resource management, weather forecasting, agriculture, and national security issues; relies on foreign imagery for analysis but seeks to develop its own RS satellite capabilities; one of Africa’s leaders in satellite dish research; trains aerospace scientists and engineers; has established relations on space-related issues with China, Japan, and South Africa; cooperating with Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, and Uganda to establish a joint satellite to monitor climate changes in the African continent; partner of the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) international astronomy initiative (2024)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Transnational Issues

Illicit drugs

Ghana is a transit and destination point for illicit drugs trafficked from Asia and South America to other African countries, Europe, and to a lesser extent North America; not a significant source for drugs entering the United States; limited local consumption of controlled pharmaceuticals, cocaine, and heroin from Asia and South America; cannabis cultivated and produced in large quantities in most rural areas of Ghana